Causes of drop out

Introduction

      Education is seen as a human resource for the future of every society, and children. The speed and value of improvement of one state which stays completely connected to the number of the center of people of a country. This requires both education and quality of education for all. It has been unbearable to create one improved human source for supportable growth of the state without access to quality education. School education contributes to the development of knowledge, feelings and common and enables children to donate to domestic progress. Kids with advanced scholastic chances be able to be members of effective communities in all classes of life (Management of Pakistan, 2014).  Nationwide Education Policy (1998) Acknowledge that education is a powerful way to train individuals mentally, physically, ideally and morally so that they are fully aware of their goals in life and they can achieve them. In other words, the policy recognizes that only through quality education can human resources be developed for the future development of the country. (Administration of Pakistan, State Education Rule, 1998-2010).   

Basic schooling stays the greatest key and significant phase in youngsters' learning. Support primary schooling could aid Pakistan succeed its goal of entire contact and access to justice. Article twenty five (A) of the Establishment of Pakistan, as amended by article 18 in 1973: “(Government of Pakistan, Economic Survey, 2017).   

In Pakistan, the drop-out rate in primary schools is 33 per cent, it has been very high stage. Small primary institute entry and very high drop-out rates have a bad impact happening the literacy rate in the state (Administration of Pakistan, 2017).

Youngsters in the country between the ages of five to sixteen. Of the groups, only 28.84 million kids attend educational institutions. (government or the private sectors), while 22.8 million youngsters between the ages of 5 and 16 are not enrolled in school, of whom 5.06 million are kids, there are currently 51.53 million pupils of primary school age (5 to 9 ages old). It has a large difference in registration in the province / region and sex.  

Though Pakistani administration took a number of advantages to upturn primary maintenance, including providing free textbooks, reviewing national curricula, and producing quality textbooks, appointing postgraduate teachers in the primary stage and granting salaries to female students. Despite the policies of the interventions, the country has not been able to succeed the goal of 100% participation in entire primary schooling till 2015.    

1.2 Situation of students’ dropout in Pakistan

The dropout rate in the country is being has been very high to the compared to the other countries which are in developing process. The main causes of dropout in Pakistan are the weak primary education system, the shortage of trained teachers and the weak ratio of parents and teachers (Mohsin et al, 2004). According to a research of (2016-17), survival rate up to the grade V is 67% with the same ratio of men and women. It is encouraging to note that the survival rate has been observed at 100% in Islamabad, the capital (ICT) and Gilgit Baltistan, (the female survival rate is 26% in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and 85% in AJK). The dropout rate across the country is 33%, while the Federally Administered Tribal Areas have the uppermost dropout rate, i.e. 66% (63% of men and which is 74% of women)

It is followed by Baluchistan with 59 percent (61 percent men and 56 percent women), and the AJK has the lowest dropout rate, only 15%, followed by the Punjab which is 27 percent.

1.3 Causes of drop out         

The causes of abandonment can be difficult and differ from county to the county and even though from region toward the region. The results of various research studies on dropout describe various causes, such as poverty, distance to school, poor quality of education, lack of physical facilities, unskilled teachers, and informal teachers, shortage of teachers in girls’ schools, the teaching method, and girls’ safety problems. Schools, overcrowded classrooms, poor educational supervision. Personal and family factors, such as illiterate, poverty and poor health conditions, are the main impediment to maintaining and completing primary education. In addition to these factors, some social factors such as orphans, immigrants, tribal culture, minority groups, and children from different languages tend to drop out of school (UNESCO, 2010).

From a sex perspective, which has been clear from the literature that girls are more likely to drop out across the country, especially in the tribal areas run by the federal government and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The study also found that about 25 percent of children (22 percent boys and 28 percent girls) those who completed primary school did not enroll in high school and noticed that institute dropout was higher among girls than boys for many social reasons. (GOP, NEMIS, 2014: Alif Ailaan, 2014).

1.4 Problems of high Failure rate at primary equal in the country 

Generally, when we have a glance over this than there are serval’s factors of high dropout rate in general, especially by the primary level in the country. These include economic and social conditions / parental illiteracy and malnutrition, poverty, illiteracy, parental unawareness about the importance of education, distance from home to institute, early wedding for teenagers, and child safety children. These are categorized as low:-

1.5 Socio- economic Factors

Education is a common procedure for the single so that the single can stay in the society with dignity and honor, and therefore learning is the main to the social and financial growth of states. (Hussain, Salfi, and Khan, 2011). The level of financial growth of a nation shows a main part in the growth of teaching and the amount of student retention. Little level of financial growth in the state, little each capita revenue, unemployment, insufficient parental income and poor fitness outcomes, in addition to disturbing poverty for people, low health standards and malnutrition are the main causes of dropout rate of the country (Shami & Hussain (2005).

1.6 Teacher Related Factors

Tutors performance plays a unique role in the quantitative expansion and qualitative improvement of the country’s educational system, according to Shami and Hussein (2005). Factors related to teachers include the lack of teachers, the lack of the required number of teachers at the primary level, and doubts about women. Teachers working in rural areas and the absence of teachers are the main causes of school dropouts in Pakistan. Instructors, particularly female instructors, are reluctant to go in the institutes which are situated in remote areas, insufficient housing facilities for teachers, especially in remote areas, little confidence of main institute trainers and their brazen treatment of students; the ratio of students to teachers is less than the standard; insufficient information of child psychology; Low-skilled and inexperienced tutors are the main reasons for the high dropout rate in the country (GoP, National Plan of Action, 2001-2015:United Nation,2008). 

1.7 Teaching Learning Material Linked Issues

The main purpose of the learning at all stages depends on the excellence of the schooling materials available to the tutor (and educational materials derived from the greatest sought-after area of the learning organization in some nation, however in Pakistan, the value of instruction at all stages in overall and the basic near in specific, which is not acceptable, causing very high dropout (Saadi & Saeed, 2010). The curriculum contents are difficult and do not correspond to the needs and capabilities of students and society. Several research studies have decided that the teaching method in primary education may be a major factor in dropout. In the country, in most schools, Urdu is used as a medium of instruction, which is the mother tongue of only 8 percent of the country's population (Coleman and Capstick, 2012). Most of the population have different local languages as their mother tongue and pupils face learning issues. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab, English is being introduced as a medium of teaching in institutes. Teaching in a language other than the child's native language, especially in the primary years of education, is highly inefficient and results in low levels of learning and high repetition and dropout rates (HEART, 2011)

1.8 Child related Factors

General Child health and malnutrition which may also guide to neglect. If the kid is in very poor health condition, school attendance may be affected, which leads to repetition or school dropout eventually. Even if the child goes to institute regularly, he or she cannot be able to pay enough attention to the term of the semester due to physical or mental exhaustion due to deprivation of food or malnutrition. Kids from poor families do not get the food they need, and malnutrition and growth retardation, resulting in fatigue and lack of focus, are likely to help neglect many of the poor kids (Parwan, E-9 ECED, 2015).

1.9 Family related Factors

A kid's family is a key player in providing schooling for kids, therefore the family's financial and educational background is an important factor in having educated children in the future. Families who can no lengthier have enough money to send their children to institute find themselves in extreme poverty that does not allow kids from humble families to join or continue their education (Chaurd and Mingat, 1996). Poverty is the largest and strongest limiting factor in achieving the desired outcomes with respect to UPR in the country (United Nations Development Program, 2004).

1.10 Problem of statement

Pakistan is an independent country since 1947 and according to the constitution of the country every child has the fundamental right to get education till tenth grade, but however, there are thousands of children out of school every year. The dropout rate in the country is high compared to other developing countries, the dropout rate across the country is 33% and the ratio is high in the tribal areas of the country. The main causes of dropout in the country are the weak primary education system, the shortage of trained teachers and the low ratio of parents to teachers. Teachers play a vital role in educating and taking care of the children, and failure of teachers is a big reason for the students to drop out from school. To control the dropout ratio in school we have to get the teacher’s perceptions from schools, however, the purpose of this study is to control the dropout ratio of school from the perception of the teachers.

1.11 Significant of the study

The researcher expects from this research will help the children out of school to be enrolled back in school; by this research by the help of the teacher’s perceptions we can control the dropout rate among the city. This research will help find the root causes of dropout ratio in the city and bring awareness to the public and the higher administration to take some serious decisions I the favor of the students. This research will be a source of motivation to teachers to raise their demands to control the dropout rate in the region of Turbat.

1.12 Objectives of the study

•To know the real causes and reasons of the dropout rate in the schools of Turbat

•To find out the perceptions of teachers of schools about the causes of dropout rate in the school

•To control the dropout rate in the schools from the perception of tutors.

1.13 Research Questions

•What are the real causes and reasons of high dropout rate in the schools of Pakistan?

•What are the perceptions of teachers about the causes of dropout rate in the schools?

•How can we control the dropout rate in the schools from the perceptions of teachers?

1.14 The purpose of statement

The purpose of this study to find out the perception of the teachers about the high dropout rate in this country and to control the high dropout rate in Turbat city. Through this study we will find the out of school children in Turbat and help them get enrolled in school and reduce the dropout rate in Turbat through teacher’s perception.

1.15Limitations of the study

There are many issues related the limitations of the study such as now a days corona virus has a huge role on the limitation of the study in our areas, due to this, online classes are being started but unfortunately our reign is such a city where there is no facility of internet. It can be a very big limitation for the study.

1.16 Definition of Key terms

Perception: The way you think or understand someone or something. (Merriam Webster Dictionary)

Public School: A school obtains and controls money from a local government. (Merriam Webster Dictionary)

Dropout: The person who stops going to school, college, or otherwise. (Merriam Webster Dictionary)

Control: You have authority over something. (Merriam Webster Dictionary)